This study aims to understand influential factors for Jakarta’ s residents to participate in a formal electronic waste recycling programme. It questions the efficacy of providing facilities to collect electronic waste despite the lack of legislated regulations or policies. Using the goal-framing theory as a foundation, a survey conducted on 208 respondents in 2018 revealed that selling obsolete electronic devices to peddlers or retaining them at home were standard practices in society, and only 2% of respondents recycled their electronic waste at formal facilities. The results show that electronic waste recycling intention correlates highest with information and convenience, 0. 521 and 0. 411, respectively. While knowledge has the least correlative value with attitude and intention, that is 0. 204 and 0. 240. It clarifies that the normative goal is weaker than hedonic and gain goals. Respondents had enough awareness about the hazards of electronic waste. However, their behaviour did not exhibit it. It is imperative to lessen the gap between normative and hedonic goals by campaigning continuously and place the facilities at easily accessible locations to increase recycling participation. Furthermore, collecting electronic waste requires a collaboration between the government and electronics businesses, and must be supported by a legal framework.

In the decision system, policy makers decide based on an information system including statistical indexes. If information system would be based on shadow economy, the policy makers will not achieve to desired results, because information and results are subjected to estimate by error. This part of economy effects on important indexes such as income redistribution, employment, government income and finally social welfare. So study about this part of economy and how affecting other parts of economy from this will help government to control its effects. In this paper, we have tried to analyze the effect of shadow economy on the other parts especially labor market and tax system of a country via panel data for 17 developed countries of OECD between 1994-2008 and then presented the suggestions to simplify the control of this part. As a consequence, in the labor market, partnership rate has significant effect negatively and unemployment rate has significant positively on expanding the shadow economy and the regulation burden have also direct effect on this part of economy. About the tax, tax burden has significant effect positively on shadow economy growth and versus change in tax burden of these countries doesn’t have significant effect on this part of studied countries.

Background: Considering population growth and its known social consequences and also the inevitable role of men in the success of national family planning programs and in order to determine the rate of men's participation in these programs and some related factors, this study was performed in Shiraz in 2000.Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was carried out on 450 married men who were randomly selected. Men's participation in family planning program was divided into three categories: Executive participation, supportive participation and total participation. Data collection tool was a questionnaire and the sampling was done using Cluster sampling method. Then, the data were analyzed using Chi-square, exact Fisher test, Kappa (k) and Agree mention Rate (A.R). Results: This study was done on 450 people with mean age of 38.6±8.4 and marriage age of 25±3.8. The rate of men's executive participation was 34.4% and their supportive participation was 52 percent. Confidence interval for men's executive participation rate was 30-39% with 95% reliability and for their supportive participation was calculated to be 48-57%. Only 13.6% did not participate. The men studied believed vasectomy to be the most effective (49.5%), condom the most harmless (33.8%) and vasectomy the easiest method for family planning (30.9%). Their ideas in this regard had a significant correlation with the methods they used for family planning (P<0.05). 82.6% of men believed that family planning clinics are essential. Men's participation was found to be on rise with an increase in their ages (P<0.001).Conclusion: The rate of men's participation in family planning program was found acceptable. Therefore, establishment of family planning clinics is highly recommended.

Background and Aim: Studies have shown that that a range of economic, social, and cultural factors determine women's involvement in the workforce. These factors change at varying paces—some gradually over time and others quickly in response to economic and social policy shifts. The primary objective of this study is to identify the reasons and underlying factors for the relatively low rate of economic participation of Iranian women in comparison to other nations.   Methods and Data: This research was conducted using exploratory analysis and a comparative approach, employing an evidence-based systematic review technique. To comprehend the causes, contexts, and foundations of women's low economic participation rate in Iran's labor market, this study analyzed the demographic, economic, and social dimensions.   Findings: The findings reveal that a combination of social and cultural factors are responsible for the low participation of women in country's development and their reduced share in Iran's labor market. The small scale of the economy and underrepresentation of women's informal work have also played a significant role. The Influential factors such as the population structure’s impact on the labor market, increased demand for higher education opportunities, and the subsequent raised demand by university graduates to enter the workforce, created a disconnect between the education system and the women's labor market. This disconnect is partly due to developmental pressures and dominant culture and traditions.  Additionally, the unclear link between employment and fertility, job segregation, and limited opportunities for job variety and advancement in upper management for women are key socio-economic and demographic challenges.   Conclusion: To address the barriers to women's employment and underscore their vital role in societal development, it is essential to shift societal culture. There is a need for a commitment to reform that eases women's integration into the development process, reducing the time and material costs of women's employment, and balance work with family life through the adoption of family-friendly policies.   Key Message: The influence of population structure on the labor and employment market, the disconnection between the higher education system and formal employment opportunities for women, as well as other structural barriers are key factors contributing to the low participation rate of Iranian women in the workforce. The small scale of the national economy and the underreporting of women's informal work have further influenced this issue.

Human capital is one of the key factors in the development of entrepreneurship. The lack of financial resources in developing countries considers self-employment as an important and necessary solution to reduce unemployment, economic growth, and regional development. In the conditions of economic crisis, the development of entrepreneurship is considered by the governments as an effective way to get out of the crisis and create employment and economic prosperity. In this study, to investigate the effect of economic participation rate and human capital on the development and sustainability of entrepreneurial activities, data from 20 developing countries from 2019 to 2009 have been used. Using panel data and the method of generalized moments in panel data, the relationship between variables was analyzed. The research results show that the higher the human development, the higher the entrepreneurship development. Also, a higher economic participation rate leads to more entrepreneurship. The inflation variable has a positive but small effect on the entrepreneurship index, and the economic growth variable has a negative and significant effect on the entrepreneurship index. Therefore, according to the results, strong human capital leads to the possibility of success in starting businesses and using appropriate approaches to face risks and fluctuations. Increasing economic participation in the economy for entrepreneurs brings advantages such as diversity in the workforce, greater access to the workforce, and increased purchasing power of the workforce.

Objectives: The aim of present study was to evaluate the awareness, attitude and participation of men in family planning program in Abyek, Iran.Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was done on 400 men and women in Abyek, Iran. Data regarding awareness and attitude of men in family planning program and their participation rate were gathered. The descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation test were used for analyzing data.Results: The mean awareness, attitude and participation score of men in family planning was7.40±2.37, 54.68±6.12 and 8±2.52 respectively. The percentage of awareness, attitude and participation was 52.8%, 84% and 66.6% respectively. A significant relationship was observed between knowledge and participation (r=0.293, p=0.005) and attitude and participation (r=0.328, p=0.005).Conclusion: Awareness and participation of men in family planning program was not good, however; their attitude was acceptable. It seems that the knowledge and practice of men about family planning should be increased by educational programs.

More than 70% of Iran's population are in working age and the country is currently placed in the demographic window period. Due to the fact that Iran is in the demographic window period, the high rate of labor force participation will be a platform for economic growth and development of the country. Due to the effect of the rate on economic growth, its prediction can provide a deeper and more comprehensive view of the supply of labor for future policy making and planning. Surely, the knowledge of the feedbacks of a decision will lead to the presentation of a more comprehensive and purposeful plan with the desired economic growth and development outputs. In this paper, relying on neural network-based simulations, we seek to predict the rate of labor force participation of women, men and the total population for the period 2018-2028. The simulations are carried out in MATLAB software using the data from International Labor Organization. These data are related to 27 consecutive years from 1990 to 2017. The results show a declining trend in the participation rate men, women and the total population until 2028. Based on the results, the rate of participation of men, women and the total population aged 15 to 64 years during 2018 to 2028 will change from 74.5 to 73.5, 0.16 to 0.14 and from 46.5 to 44.5 respectively. The results of this article are a wake-up call for planners and policy makers, at the macro level, to pay special attention to targeted planning in the field of employment and investment, programs that can make the best use of the opportunity of the demographic window of the country.